What material is primarily used for the removal of non-volatile organic materials?

Activated carbon is primarily utilized for the removal of non-volatile organic materials due to its large surface area and porous structure. This allows for effective adsorption, which is the process where organic molecules adhere to the surface of the carbon. In wastewater treatment, activated carbon is particularly effective at trapping contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, pesticides, and some heavy metals, making it an essential component in many treatment processes.

In comparison to sand filters, which primarily remove particulate matter through physical filtration, activated carbon specifically targets and adsorbs dissolved organic compounds, enhancing overall water quality. Clay materials tend to provide different filtration properties and are not as effective in adsorbing organic pollutants. Granular activated silica, while useful in certain applications, does not possess the same high adsorption capacity for organic materials as activated carbon does.

Thus, for the specific removal of non-volatile organic materials, activated carbon is the most effective choice due to its unique physical and chemical properties.